MODAL AUXILARIES AND NOUNS

MODAL AUXILIARIES

The modal auxiliaries have a number of different meanings. They are generally used to indicate something which is potential or uncertain. Remember that modal is an auxilary, and thus is never used with do, does, or did.

The modals include :

Present Tense	Past Tense
Can	Could
May	Might
Will	Would
Shall	Should
Must	Had to

Examples :

She can speak five languages

He could run fast when he was young

May I read your magazine ?

She might be sick today

NOUNS

There are two kinds of nouns :

1. Countable Nouns :

Countable nouns are nouns that can be counted.

Examples : The director buys a new computer

The secretary is typing some files

The big company has three branches in Indonesia

As you can see in the examples, singular countable noun uses a, an or the, and plural countable noun ends in -s/-es. Plural countable noun uses cardinal number or determiner such as some, many, a lot of, etc.

2. Uncountable Nouns :

Uncountable nouns refer to mass nouns that cannot be counted.

Examples : There is too much bad news on television tonight

The hotel provides a good accommodation for the guests

Memorize the words in the following chart :

Countable Nouns	Uncountable Nouns
A, an, the, some, any	The, some, any
This, that, these, those	This, that
None, one, two, three	None
Many	Much
A lot of	A lot of
A large number of	A large number of
A few	A little
Fewer.. than	Less.. than
More.. than	More.. than

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

(KALIMAT PENGANDAIAN)

Conditional sentence is a kind of sentences containing a condition about something in order a situation or action happens or does not happen. Implicitly, a conditional sentence is to convey a hope, willingness of something to happen or not.

· Conditional Sentences contains two clauses :

- a dependent clause beginning with if (or another conjuction performing the same general function)

- a main clause. The main clause answers the condition of the if clause

· Types of Conditional Sentences

Based on the types, conditional sentence is divided into three :

1. Future Conditional (Type 1)

2. Present Conditional (Type 2)

3. Past Conditional (Type 3)

1. FUTURE CONDITIONAL (TYPE 1)

Used to state hopes or willingness that may come true in the future. There is possibility to make the hope or willingness real.

Pattern :

Positive :

· Subject + will + be +adj/noun, If + subject + to be + adj/noun

Subject + will + V₁+ object, (main Clause) If + subject + V₁ + objek (if clause)

Example : He will buy the car if he has enough money next year

· If + subject + V₁ (Present Tense) + O Subject + will(FutureTense)+V₁ + O

Example : If he has enough money next year, he will buy the car

Negative :

· Subject + will not+ be +adj/noun, If + subject + to be + not + adj/noun

Subject + will not+ V₁+ object If + subject + do/does not + V_{1 +} objek

Example : We will not pass the examination if we don’t study hard

· Although it is most common to use the modal auxiliaries will in the main clause, it is also possible to use the modals may, can and must or the auxilary be going.

Examples : If I fail the examination, My Parents will not give present

If I fail the examination, My Parents must not give present

2. PRESENT CONDITIONAL (TYPE 2)

Used to express hopes or willingness to come true at the present time. But it has too little chance or no possibility to make the hope or willingness come true.

Pattern :

· If + Simple Past Tense + Past Future

If + Subject + Verb₂ + Object + S + Would(Could, Might)+ V₁+ O

Example : He could come if we invited him

Fact : He doesn’t come because we don’t invite him

3. PAST CONDITIONAL (TYPE 3) :

Used to express past hopes or willingness. This is could not happen any more at the time the speaker or the subject hoped.

Pattern :

· If + Past Perferct + Past Future Perfect

If + Subject + Had V₃ + O + S + Would + Have + V₃+ O

Subject + Had + Been + O + S + Would + Have + Been + O

Exampe : If Pitt had helped me, I could have finished my homework on time.

Fact : Pitt did not help me, so I did not finish my homework on time

ADVERBS

ADVERBS

Do you know what adverb is ?

Adverb is used to modify verbs. It can appear in the middle of the sentence or the last part of sentence. There are many kinds of adverbs, such as :
• Adverb of place
• Adverb of time
• Adverb of manner
• Adverb of frequency
• Adverb of certainty


ADVERB OF PLACE :

Is used to explain the position or location of an object. It usually appears in the last part of the sentence. It answers the question “where”.
Examples : The students are studying in the classroom
There is a good restaurant beside my office


ADVERB OF TIME :
Adverbs of time tell us when an action happened, and the use of this adverb might affect the verbs tenses in a particular clause.


Common adverbs of time :
• Yesterday
• Now
• Next Morning
• Today
• Etc

There are three common categories for adverbs of time:
• Present : presently, currently, now
• Past : yesterday, recently, last year, ago
• Future : next month, tomorrow

Examples : She currently works as a reporter (present tense)
She went to school yesterday (past tense)
I will finish doing my homework tomorrow (future tense)


ADVERB OF MANNER :
Is used to explain how an activity is done. It can appear before or after the verb it modifies. It answer the question “how”.
Examples : The secretary works professionally and effectively
Write your name on the form correctly !

ADJECTIVES

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ADJECTIVES

What is an adjective ?

An adjective is a word that indicates a quality of a person or thing referred to by a noun.

Adjectives fall into two categories : Descriptive and Limiting.

Descriptive adjectives are those which describe the color, size, or quality of a person or thing (noun/pronoun).

Descriptive adjectives :

· Colorful

· Interesting

· Pretty

· Large

When descriptive adjectives modify a singular countable noun, they are usually preceded by a, an, or the.

Examples :

· a beautiful girl

· an interesting story

· the red blouse

Limiting adjectives place restrictions on the words they modify (quantity, distance, possession)

Limiting adjectives :

· Cardinal numbers : one, two

· Ordinal numbers : first, second

· Possessives : my, your, his

· Demonstrative : this, that, these, those

· Quantity : few, many, much

· Articles : a, an, the